![]() ![]() Because previous meta-analyses provided conflicting results, we sought to review all available data focusing on cell type and trial design. However, its effectiveness in the clinical setting is now doubted. Besides providing a large amount of structured quantitative data, the results of our work indicate that: (1) research on the demand for low-carbon technology related metals has received much attention since the 2010s (2) around 80% of the publications focus on the global level while national level studies are underrepresented (3) science-based future scenarios are the main means of estimating total future material requirements (4) most studies foresee material constraints of large-scale implementation of low-carbon technologies and the secure and responsible supply of these materials is still the subject of discussion (5) changes in metal intensity caused by technological development and material requirements for non-critical components are important though often overlooked.Ĭell-based therapy has long been considered a promising strategy for the treatment of heart failure (HF). We conducted a quantitative review of the material requirements of low-carbon energy technologies in 132 scientific publications, and provided a comparative analysis of detailed data including material intensity and lifetime data. In this study we provide a comprehensive overview and analysis of existing work in this field, a solid quantitative baseline for material requirements of different energy technologies and quantitative information that can be used to generate learning curves for the material requirements of different energy technologies. The surge in demand for metals related to emerging energy technologies may hinder the energy transition. ![]() At last, several suggestions to improve the efficiency of PV/T system were discussed.ĭeployment of clean energy technologies will require a considerable amount of materials. There is an optimal water flow rate at which the efficiencies are at the maximum. It was found that both thermal and electrical efficiencies are fluctuating with time. The effects of the time-steps from 1 hour to 1 minute, which is closed to the real time, were also reported at various conditions. Simulation results were found to agree with the experimental data very well. The thermal and electrical models were solved simultaneously to predict the transient energy conversion efficiencies of the PV/T system. Secondly, a computational electrical model of PV/T system, coupled with the thermal model, was also introduced to elaborate the relationship of voltage, current and power of a PV module (MSX60 poly-crystalline solar cell) used in an experiment in the literature. In order to improve the transient performance of photovoltaic/thermal (or PV/T for simplicity) collectors, this paper firstly developed and validated a computational thermal model to investigate the effects of the major control parameters on the thermal performance of PV/T collectors, including inlet water temperature and inlet water flow rate. ![]()
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